The status of artisanal fishing in El Salvador     

《Marine Policy》2015

El Salvador is one of the most environmentally degraded nations in Latin America, but the declining fishing industry is under-studied compared with deforestation and landuse. This paper examines the reactions to fish stock decline of two generations of fishers in La Union, El Salvador on the Golfo de Fonseca, one of the most important fishing areas in Latin America, using face to face interviews and questionaires. Both older (>35 years) and younger (<36 years) fishers supplemented their income with trading, farming and loans from their relatives in the United States. All older fishers reported larger fish catches five and ten years previously than at present. Previously, fishers caught more fish, but significantly more younger fishers than older fishers reported their fathers caught more fish than they did, indicating an increasing gap in fish catches in recent decades. More younger fishers than older fishers had fathers or male kin who were also fishers, indicating young men were less likely to join fishing without a parent or kin already involved. Minorities of both older and younger fishers engaged in supplementary activities. Environmental degradation disuaded fishers from switching to farming or hunting. The findings are similar to findings elsewhere on the decline of fish resources and generational gaps in environmental knowledge, but differ in that some other studies report fewer opportunities for fishers to access alternative or complementary activities. These findings are relevant to Latin American studies, considering the great value of the Golfo de Fonseca to the livelihoods of Central America.  相似文献   

深海内波空间啁啾的演变研究     

孙美玲  王晶  郭凯  张旭东  孟俊敏 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,45(1):114-120

根据基于两层流体推导的深海内波弱非线性薛定谔(Nonlinear Schrodinger,简称NLS)方程,引进空间啁啾的思想,研究深海区频散效应和非线性效应的作用。文中推导出了频散效应和非线性效应所致啁啾的表达式,采用数值计算方法计算了综合效应产生的总啁啾。分析了频散和非线性以及综合效应所致啁啾在深海内波传播中的演变规律。从空间啁啾的角度,解释中国南海东沙群岛附近深海区内波演变的机理。  相似文献   

Effect of Stochastic MJO Forcing on ENSO Predictability   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

PENG Yuehu  DUAN Wansuo  XIANG Jie 《大气科学进展》2011,28(6):1279-1290

Within the frame of the Zebiak-Cane model,the impact of the uncertainties of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) on ENSO predictability was studied using a parameterized stochastic representation of intraseasonal forcing.The results show that the uncertainties of MJO have little effect on the maximum prediction error for ENSO events caused by conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP);compared to CNOP-type initial error,the model error caused by the uncertainties of MJO led to a smaller prediction uncertainty of ENSO,and its influence over the ENSO predictability was not significant.This result suggests that the initial error might be the main error source that produces uncertainty in ENSO prediction,which could provide a theoretical foundation for the data assimilation of the ENSO forecast.  相似文献   

东北冷涡背景下浙江省两次强降水过程的对比分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

罗玲  胡亮  何金海  娄小芬 《辽宁气象》2011,(6):35-42

受东北冷涡西南部冷空气南下影响,2009年6月初浙江省连续发生了两次不同特点的强降水过程。利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料及卫星TBB资料,对这两次东北冷涡背景下的强降水天气过程的大尺度环流背景和动力、热力及水汽输送条件进行对比分析。结果表明：同在东北冷涡天气背景下,由于中低层温度场配置不同、上下游系统强弱不同,导致浙江省发生的天气现象不同。6月2日降水是一次连续的区域性暴雨过程,雨带呈带状分布,以层状云降水为主,其低层为大范围的辐合,高层辐散,且低层辐合强于高层辐散;低空存在西南急流,为暴雨提供了重要的水汽和动力条件,大气层结比较稳定。6月5日强降水是一次强对流天气过程,降水分布不均匀,强度大,历时短,高、低空没有大范围的辐合辐散区,也没有低空西南急流,前期水汽条件较差,降水过程以热力作用为主;大气层结不稳定触发了强对流天气的发生,出现局地暴雨。两类暴雨的预报着眼点分别为：第1类区域性暴雨的预报重点为高层辐散、低层辐合结构和低空西南急流;第2类局地性暴雨的预报重点为大气的不稳定度与东北冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入。  相似文献   

运城市2010年4月13日强霜冻过程分析     

邵宝霞  李冬梅  褚红瑞  魏海茹 《山西气象》2011,(1):23-25,46

利用常规天气资料和数值预报产品,应用天气分析和诊断分析方法,对2010年4月13日运城市出现的近40年最严重的强霜冻天气过程进行分析,并与历史个例进行比较,结果表明,此次过程是在前期升温明显的基础上,有强冷空气在西伯利亚及贝加尔湖堆积并向南侵袭造成的;此次过程亚洲中高纬环流表现为“一脊一槽”型,动力机制为横槽转竖促使冷空气向南爆发;冷空气爆发后,本地上空由强盛的冷平流控制,地面冷高压进入关键区并达到寒潮强度。由于每次强降温发生的环流背景、影响系统及冷空气的强度、发展、移动路径不同,所以造成的降温幅度和影响也不同。在此基础上,总结出强霜冻预报的着眼点。  相似文献   

IMPACT OF LATENT HEAT FLUX ON INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON DURING EL NI(N)O/LA NI(N)A YEARS     

M. V. Subrahmanyam  WANG Dong-xiao 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2011,17(4)

El Ni(n)o or La Ni(n)a manifest in December over the Pacific and will serve as an index for the forecasting of subsequent Indian summer monsoon,which occurs from June to mid-September.In the present article,an attempt is made to study the variation of latent heat flux (LHF) over the north Indian Ocean during strong El Ni(n)o and strong La Ni(n)a and relate it with Indian monsoon rainfall.During strong El Ni(n)o the LHF intensity is higher and associated with higher wind speed and lower cloud amount.During E1 Ni(n)o all India rainfall is having an inverse relation with LHF.Seasonal rainfall is higher in YY+1 (subsequent year) than YY (year of occurrence).However there is a lag in rainfall during El Ni(n)o YY+1 from June to July when compared with the monthly rainfall.  相似文献   

一次强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达资料分析   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

王丛梅  景华  王福侠  王丽荣 《气象科学》2011,31(5):659-665

利用石家庄多普勒天气雷达资料和常规探测资料,对2008年5月17日发生在河北南部的强烈雹暴的生成环境和动力机制以及发展演变特征进行了分析。内蒙古东部冷涡后部的冷空气和低层暖湿气流在河北中南部交汇,导致这个地区上空的层结不稳定,低层的暖切变和地面的东风辐合线为触发系统。高低空急流、不稳定层结、强垂直风切变为强烈雹暴的发生提供了有利的环境条件。强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达观测特征表现为一个次超级单体的发展移动过程,呈现回波悬垂和弱回波区特征,强回波核区反射率因子达到73 dBz,三体散射现象明显,对应径向速度图表现为弱中气旋,旋转速度为15 m/s。次超级单体右移特征明显,沿承载层平均风方向偏右侧移动。风暴相对螺旋度(Srh)大值与强雹暴的产生密切相关,0.3～2.1 km的Srh正值出现以及2.1～6.1 km的Srh减小随后迅速增加对冰雹的预报有很好的指示意义。  相似文献   

2011年4月江西降水异常偏少的初步诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马锋敏  张超美  张传江  廖敏 《气象与减灾研究》2011,(4):16-22

利用1959-2011年北半球500 hPa高度格点资料、74项环流特征量资料和1974-2011年NOAA OLR月平均资料,结合江西83个气象观测站的1959-2011年4月降水资料,对2011年4月江西降水异常偏少成因进行了初步诊断分析.结果表明:江西省4月降水有一定的周期性,2011年4月降水处于少雨期;La ...  相似文献   

博州地区一次强寒潮天气特征分析     

方雯  刘忠礼  屈信军  韩世新 《青海气象》2011,(2)

利用常规高空、地面观测资料和数值预报产品对2010年1月18-22日影响博州地区的一次强寒潮天气过程进行分析。结果表明:大风、强降温是本次寒潮天气的主要特征,造成大风和强降温的主要原因是前期气温异常偏暖,地面增压迅猛剧烈,阿拉山口风口的狭管效应对山口的大风也有增幅作用。  相似文献   

Present-day deformation along the El Pilar Fault in eastern Venezuela: Evidence of creep along a major transform boundary     

Franois Jouanne  Franck A. Audemard  Christian Beck  Aurlien Van Welden  Reinaldo Ollarves  Carlos Reinoza 《Journal of Geodynamics》2011,51(5):398-410

The right-lateral strike-slip El Pilar Fault is one of the major structures that accommodate the relative displacement between the Caribbean and South-America Plates. This fault, which trends East–West along the northeastern Venezuela margin, is a seismogenic source, and shows numerous evidence for active tectonics, including deformation of the Quaternary sediments filling the Cariaco Gulf. Because the main El Pilar Fault strand belongs to a set of strike-slip faults and thrusts between the stable Guyana shield (South) and the Caribbean oceanic floor (North), a GPS network was designed and installed to measure the relative motion of the El Pilar Fault and other faults. The results obtained from the comparison of 2003 and 2005 surveys indicate: (i) a lack of significant displacement (especially shortening) in the Serrania del Interior (Neogene cordillera overthrusted above the Guyana craton), (ii) an eastward displacement (relative to fixed south America plate) up to 22 mm/year of benchmarks located north of the El Pilar Fault.  相似文献